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Laboratory Tests for Rheumatic Disease
Common laboratory tests and procedures include the following:
- Antinuclear antibody (ANA) --This test checks blood levels of antibodies
that are often present in people who have connective tissue
diseases or other autoimmune disorders, such as lupus. Since the
antibodies react with material in the cell's nucleus (control
center), they are referred to as antinuclear antibodies. There are
also tests for individual types of ANAs that may be more specific
to people with certain autoimmune disorders. ANAs are also
sometimes found in people who do not have an autoimmune disorder.
Therefore, having ANAs in the blood does not necessarily mean that
a person has a disease.
- C-reactive protein test --This is a nonspecific test used to detect
generalized inflammation. Levels of the protein are often
increased in patients with active disease such as rheumatoid
arthritis, and may decline when corticosteroids or nonsteroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are used to reduce inflammation.
- Complement
--This test measures the level of complement, a group of proteins
in the blood. Complement helps destroy foreign substances, such as
germs, that enter the body. A low blood level of complement is
common in people who have active lupus.
- Complete blood count (CBC) --This test determines the number of white blood
cells, red blood cells, and platelets present in a sample of
blood. Some rheumatic conditions or drugs used to treat arthritis
are associated with a low white blood count (leukopenia), low red
blood count (anemia), or low platelet count (thrombocytopenia).
When doctors prescribe medications that affect the CBC, they
periodically test the patient's blood.
- Creatinine
--This blood test is commonly ordered in patients who have a
rheumatic disease, such as lupus, to monitor for underlying kidney
disease. Creatinine is a breakdown product of creatine, which is
an important component of muscle. It is excreted from the body
entirely by the kidneys, and the level remains constant and normal
when kidney function is normal.
- Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (sed rate) --This blood test is used to
detect inflammation in the body. Higher sed rates indicate the
presence of inflammation and are typical of many forms of
arthritis, such as rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing
spondylitis, and many of the connective tissue diseases.
- Hematocrit (PCV, packed cell volume) --This test and the test for hemoglobin (a
substance in the red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout
the body) measure the number of red blood cells present in a
sample of blood. A decrease in the number of red blood cells
(anemia) is common in people who have inflammatory arthritis or
another rheumatic disease.
- Rheumatoid factor --This test detects the presence of rheumatoid factor,
an antibody found in the blood of most (but not all) people who
have rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatoid factor may be found in many
diseases besides rheumatoid arthritis, and sometimes in people
without health problems.
- Synovial fluid examination --Synovial fluid may be examined for white blood
cells (found in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and
infections), bacteria or viruses (found in patients with
infectious arthritis), or crystals in the joint (found in patients
with gout or other types of crystal-induced arthritis). To obtain
a specimen, the doctor injects a local anesthetic, then inserts a
needle into the joint to withdraw the synovial fluid into a
syringe. The procedure is called arthrocentesis or joint
aspiration.
- Urinalysis
--In this test, a urine sample is studied for protein, red blood
cells, white blood cells, and bacteria. These abnormalities may
indicate kidney disease, which may be seen in several rheumatic
diseases, including lupus. Some medications used to treat
arthritis can also cause abnormal findings on urinalysis.
- White blood cell count (WBC) --This test determines the number of white blood cells present in a sample of blood. The number may increase as a result of infection or decrease in response to certain medications or in certain diseases, such as lupus. Low numbers of white blood cells increase a person's risk of infections.
X Rays and Other Imaging Procedures
To see what the joint looks like inside, the doctor may order x rays or other imaging procedures. X rays provide an image of the bones, but they do not show cartilage, muscles, and ligaments. Other noninvasive imaging methods such as computed tomography (CT or CAT scan), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and arthrography show the whole joint. The doctor may look for damage to a joint by using an arthroscope, a small, flexible tube which is inserted through a small incision at the joint and which transmits the image of the inside of a joint to a video screen.
What Are the Standard Treatments?
Treatments for rheumatic diseases include rest and relaxation, exercise, proper diet, medication, and instruction about the proper use of joints and ways to conserve energy. Other treatments include the use of pain relief methods and assistive devices, such as splints or braces. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary. The doctor and the patient work together to develop a treatment plan that helps the patient maintain or improve his or her lifestyle. Treatment plans usually combine several types of treatment and vary depending on the rheumatic condition and the patient.
Rest, Exercise, and Diet
People who have a rheumatic disease should develop a comfortable balance between rest and activity. One sign of many rheumatic conditions is fatigue. Patients must pay attention to signals from their bodies. For example, when experiencing pain or fatigue, it is important to take a break and rest. Too much rest, however, may cause muscles and joints to become stiff.
People with a rheumatic disease such as arthritis can participate in a variety of sports and exercise programs. Physical exercise can reduce joint pain and stiffness and increase flexibility, muscle strength, and endurance. It also helps with weight reduction and contributes to an improved sense of well-being. Before starting any exercise program, people with arthritis should talk with their doctor. Exercises that doctors often recommend include:
- Range-of-motion exercises (e.g.,
stretching, dance) to help maintain normal joint movement,
maintain or increase flexibility, and relieve stiffness
- Strengthening exercises (e.g., weight
lifting) to maintain or increase muscle strength. Strong muscles
help support and protect joints affected by arthritis.
- · Aerobic or endurance exercises (e.g., walking, bicycle riding) to improve cardiovascular fitness, help control weight, and improve overall well-being. Studies show that aerobic exercise can also reduce inflammation in some joints.
Another important part of a treatment program is a well-balanced diet. Along with exercise, a well-balanced diet helps people manage their body weight and stay healthy. Weight control is important to people who have arthritis because extra weight puts extra pressure on some joints and can aggravate many types of arthritis. Diet is especially important for people who have gout. People with gout should avoid alcohol and foods that are high in purines, such as organ meats (liver, kidney), sardines, anchovies, and gravy.
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